Taking a Look at the Italian Renaissance - 690 Words

What did art represent in the Italian Renaissance? Explain the significance of the art in the Renaissance - using examples. Choose one of the artists from each of the eras of the Italian Renaissance: Early Renaissance 1330 -1450 → Donatello, Brunelleschi, Masaccio High Renaissance 1450 - 1500 → Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci Late Renaissance 1500 - 1700 → Raphael, Titian, Carlo Maderno, Artemisia Gentileschi Take notes on the contributions that the artist made to: → development of art techniques → furthering of ideas of philosophy, nature, and society. → influence on or reveals about techniques (art), society (values, ideas, culture), artist ⇒ beauty, value (sales price), techniques (style) ~~ The Renaissance is the rebirth of Europe, and considered as the beginning of modern history. In this era of time, people looked back and studied the Greek and Roman knowledge, skills, attitude, and art, while stepping out of the Middle Ages artwork techniques and creating new techniques to breathe realism, individualism, humanism, mannerism, and more into the art. The Middle Ages artwork majorly focussed on the religious aspect of the art, leaving out the techniques to make the art look realistic. However, the Renaissance artwork used many new techniques that they developed, like chiaroscuro, the use of light and shading, to create an effect that the Middle Ages artwork had not seen before. The art shows how the Renaissance evolved from focussingShow MoreRelatedThe Italian Renaissance1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was a time for great cultural change and achievements, which began in Italy approximately during the 13th century and lasted up until the 16th century. It marked the transition between the Dark Ages and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance originated in Central Italy, and centered in the city of Florence.i The distinctive characteristics of northern Italian states such as art, literature, philosophy, and culture produced an atmosphere of learning and artistic expressionRead MoreRenaissance Art : A Rebirth Of Classical Learning And The Rediscovery Of Greece862 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance art reflected a rebirth of classical learning and the rediscovery of Greece and Ancient Rome. The Renaissance began in Northern Italy right after the Black Death which was also known as the Plague, a disease that had occurred killing almost half of the Europe’s population. The only way to avoid the disease was to leave the city to a country, however, only the rich were able to afford the trip verses the poor. The plague had led to an economic depression, there wereRead MoreAnalysis Of Jan Van Eyck s The Dutch And Flemish1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance was a time of rebirth, and evolution in artwork all around Europe. Up in the North, right behind the Italians, the Dutch and Flemish were gearing up for their own shift in artwork to surpass their neighbors. Following inspiration from their Italian neighbors, and the International Gothic style, they looked forward and redefined painting as a style, while also changing arts meaning. Making the character s true to life in artwork was a new feat never before seen until the High RenaissanceRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance1558 Words   |  7 Pages Julianna Plunkett Ms. McGuire British Literature 11 06/10/15 The Italian Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century, and was marked by a turn from medieval life and values dominated by the Church toward the philosophical principles of humanism. The Italian people, especially the educated middle class, became interested in individual achievements and emphasized life in this world, as opposed to preparation for life in the next world, which was stressedRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Dawning of a New Age Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe age known as the Renaissance began in the fourteenth century. The word Renaissance means rebirth, those alive in this era witnessed the dawning of a new age. It began as a literary movement among the educated and upper-class men in northern Italian cities (Wiesner 210). Writers and artists studied Roman models and Petrarch, a Renaissance writer, proposed a liberal arts curriculum in order to recapture the previous glory of Rome. The philosophy of humanism became popular bringing about the curiosityRead M oreHistorical And Philosophical Movement Of The Renaissance1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe renaissance became a historical movement that marked the beginning of individualism and modernity through the unification of philosophers, artists, writers, and poets. Although it has no fixed beginning, most theories placed the beginning era in the early 14th century. The renaissance profoundly affected European Intellectual life through the introduction of different perspectives, ideas, innovations, literature, art, science, religion among many other aspects that continue to shape modern philosophyRead MoreWhat Does The Renaissance Means and Where It Started1514 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Renaissance means and where it started The word â€Å"renaissance† means re-birth and also re-awakening. It also meant the activity, motion and even time of the big and great revival of not only art, but literature, learning, culture and science. Renaissance as a word symbolizes the revival of many aspects of life and also the transition from the medieval times to the modern times. Renaissance started in the 14th century in the republic of Florence (â€Å"Firenze† in Italian) in the north of Italy. Read MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is most visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more religious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Greek influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classicalRead MoreReligious Art During The Renaissance1200 Words   |  5 Pageschurch. In the fourteenth century, the religious art responded to the crises of the time period. During the Renaissance, artwork shifted to an interest in realism, which can be seen in Raphaelâ⠂¬â„¢s Madonna and Child with the Young Saint John. The medium for this work of art is oil paint. it was painted in 1500 and is 47 inches in diameter. Raphael was a painter during the Italian Renaissance. He is known for his paintings of the Madonna, each one a little different. He was born on April 6, 1483, inRead MoreMichelangelo Pieta Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesstatue breaking off the left arm of the Virgin and her nose. The statue now rest once again in the St. Peter’s Basilica (Italian Renaissance). They are very intricate details within Pieta. Taking a closer look, we can observe that on Christ’s hands and feet there are beautiful veins that give Pieta the appearance having life flow through the sculpture. In addition, when we look at Mary’s hand supporting Christ under his arm, Michelangelo thought to have the skin of Christ arm rise up like it would

Different Brains, Different Realities Essay - 1468 Words

Different Brains, Different Realities? Most of us go through our days not questioning why separate aisles in toy stores are designated to boy-toys such as puzzles and blocks and girl-toys such as dolls and tea sets. We do not always consciously notice that men dominate certain professional fields while women do others. And why are there a higher percentage of gay men (or more feminized men) in the dramatic, passionate world of the performing arts? Are these sex trends all enculturation? If we do not stop to explore the origins and implications of our observations, we make the mistake of glossing over them with the non-informative, fact-of-life explanation that neglects the why of the issue. Perhaps one such why involves†¦show more content†¦The effects of steroid binding are realized in alterations in regional cell growth, proliferation, or death, which may then influence cell number, size, or packing density. Early migrational patterns, dendritic growth, and neuronal myelination may also be modified (2). One place where steroid binding appears to exert its effect is in the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area (SDN-POA) is a sub-nucleus in the medial preoptic area that is approximately 2.5 times larger in males than in females. In addition, the presence of two sexually dimorphic cell groups has been confirmed in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. There are four interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and the two that are larger in the male brain are the INAH3 and INAH1. These hypothalamic findings are particularly noteworthy because the preoptic area has been shown to be sexually dimorphic in several other non-human species and more important, to be sensitive to prenatal or perinatal hormonal influences. The SDN-POA can be enlarged in female rats through the administration of a synthetic estrogen (diethylstilbestrol) which does not bind to AFP, indicating that masculinization of this structure is dependent on the intracellular conversion of testosterone toShow MoreRelatedPerception And Perception Of Perception1154 Words   |  5 Pageswith the brain to create reality we first have to better understand perception. Perception is the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses. Perception is an important part of creating reality because, your reality is determined by your memories, beliefs, culture, life experiences, as well as your senses and perception. Although sensation and perception work together to help create our reality they are two very different things. SensationRead MoreReality Is An Illusion Created By The Brain And Body Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesReality is Merely an Illusion Created by the Brain and Bo dy Jayson Duffy Victory Charter School Abstract Reality is an illusion. This paper details the different ways that the brain and body integrate sensory information into our perception of reality. Each sense contributes to our personal realities and add to the illusion of what is and is not real. Each sense gathers and begins integration of sensory information to be sent to the brain. The brain contains specialized areas designed for the integrationRead More Visual Hallucinations: Another Argument for Brain Equals Behavior1031 Words   |  5 PagesHallucinations: Another Argument for Brain Equals Behavior A hallucination is defined as a sensory perception in the absence of an externally generated stimulus (4). They are different from illusions in that in an illusion an external object actually exists and is perceived, but is misinterpreted by the individual (4). Main forms of hallucinations are be visual, auditory, and olfactory, but since we have been discussing vision and interpretation of reality lately this paper will focus only onRead MoreReality Is Merely An Illusion1480 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Reality is merely an illusion.† This quote by Albert Einstein has been widely perpetuated and in many cases dismissed as nonsensical speculation; however, very few realize just how accurate this statement is. Reality is not nearly as tangible as most have come to believe; rather, it is a fabrication that exists solely within any one person’s mind. What is labeled as reality is merely an interpretation of data that already surrounds us and is taken in by sensory receptors . The brain and body takeRead MoreThe Effects Of Sensory Information On The Brain Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagescortexes in the brain, each with a specific purpose for integration, which have complex functions of their own, each part of the brain interacts with one another in complex ways that contribute to the integration of sensory information to the reality we are all so familiar with (Eagleman, 2015a). As explained by Doctor David Eagleman (2015a), the brain is like a city. There is no true single place that reality could be said to exist in the mind. Just as in a city, there are many different parts that makeRead MoreThe, The Melting Pot, And The World1028 Words   |  5 Pageshaving a sense of reality can be described as knowing the world or the state of things as they exist. Reality has a flimsy definition because one’s own reality could be different compared to another. However, a person’s culture will affect how they think and thus manipulate their percepti on of reality. Common examples of this are: route of upbringing, political views, holistic medicinal approaches and most importantly, religion. The United States of America has many different cultures present throughoutRead MoreReality Is A Perception Of How People Relate And Organize The World1203 Words   |  5 Pages Reality is a perception of how people relate and organize the world. The Paracingulate sulcus is a structure in the brain that is associated with our monitoring of what is reality and what is not. Without this monitoring system people end up with disorders such as schizophrenia. The New York Times interprets the results of a study published by the University of Cambridge and University of Melbourne on the effects of the Paracingulate sulcus and how people monitor what reality is. The Study, â€Å"ARead MoreThe Mind And The Brain1053 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference in the mind and the brain? These genius minds have searched without sleep trying to figure out this question, but, the puzzles behind our consciousness remain unsolved and unreachable. Philosophers such as Peter Carruthers argue that the mind i s the brain and that objections like those made by, philosopher, Frank Jackson, are based on a â€Å"conflation of know-how with knowing-that. Again, we are left with the question of whether or not the mind is the brain or if the mind is a completelyRead MoreWhat are Optical Illusions? Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesillusion is a visually perceived image that differs from reality.† (Eifrig, 2014, n.p.). There are so many different types of optical illusions in which play with the brains of people. Optical illusions are normal because the majority of humans experience them. Humans’ vision tries its best to figure out what is happening to the picture, which then creates an image contradicting reality. Sometimes illusions can be entertaining because it fools the brain and one tries to figure out the image shown. IllusionsRead MoreWhich side of the brain do you use?600 Words   |  3 Pagesof the brain do you use? Ever wonder which side of the brain individuals use to learn with? Left and right brain dominates impacts learning way more than people think. There are many theories about each side of the brain dominance. There are many different ways to determine if you are left brained, right brained or even if this whole matter of the learning style of the brain is just a myth. There are many different ways to determine which side of the brain people may use. The right brain dominance

Bj;db; fjhk Free Essays

The biggest reason is the fact that direct democracy is the fairest and purest way of making decisions as it is entirely up to the people to decide. Whilst you would not regularly use referendums to deal with every issue that parliament would have to deal with, they are a very good way of dealing with a single, Important Issue. Referendums are also good for the electorate. We will write a custom essay sample on Bj;db; fjhk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people believe that voting In mineral elections is pointless, largely because they believe that their vote doesn’t really count In the grand scheme of things, especially If you live In an area where your party Is always voted In second. However with referendums, every vote counts, and the electorate recognize this and as a result turn out In massive numbers. This also strengthens the support of the political system In the people. It encourages people to become better educated In politics, whilst providing politicians with an insight into the electorate’s opinions. However there are also a large amount of disadvantages when it comes to referendums. The most obvious is that it blatantly undermines the representative democracy system used in this country, which generally works quite well. Many of the disadvantages with regards to referendums are evident in the current Scottish independence referendum. For example, if the result Is close, countries will often feel divided over the issue. This is the case in Scotland, where the polls indicate that the result is going to be very close, and there re definite tensions on the streets between the supporters of the two campaigns, with many no voters saying that they get abuse in the street if they biblically show their choice. There are problems with letting the public make such large decisions, as they will often be the wrong ones. People in this country tend to have ignorance towards politics, and so when these people are allowed to make such big decisions, they will often vote using their emotions, rather than choosing what is best. Ethan Mullet How to cite Bj;db; fjhk, Papers

Concept of Education Essay Sample free essay sample

Education involve preparation of full individual to enable them non merely to read. compose and cipher or to be proficient in a given occupation but besides to enable them to suit themselves for populating in the society. hence. it is the preparation of a individual intellectually. morally and physically. It is besides an instrument for societal development or societal reform through single development. instruction is a comrade. it chastens frailty and it guide virtues. Unarguably. instruction provides the agencies through which young persons are informed in the facets of life which are necessary for a happy and successful life. These facets are the vocational and consumer facet. Education is characterized with the undermentioned functions in the society: a. To develop societal and single efficiency.B. It aim at self fulfilment or realisationsc. It prepare and develop immature people for the jobs. undertakings and leisure as they exist today and can be for seen tomorrow. d. It develops the full potencies of every kid.e. It makes people critical and originative.NATURE OF ENTRPRENEURSHIPDifferent persons view entrepreneurship in different manner. Economist see it as an indispensable investing bring forthing chances. sociologist as an provoker in modernisation of societies. Psychologist see him as an entrepreneurial adult male and seek to decode him as a character of economic development and the political scientists consider him as a kid of political system ( Bard I and Bard I 2005 ) . Entrepreneur possesses the undermentioned characteristics:1. Invention2. Function of high accomplishment.3. Organization edifice map.4. Gap make fulling map.5. Function of Managerial Skills and leading.Who is an Entrepreneur?Entrepreneur is a individual who undertakes an endeavor – moving as an intermediary between capital and labor. It is an person who through a dint of work. turn a concern from fruition to a lustful venture. An Entrepreneur must possess the following features they are: 1. Moderate hazard pickings.2. Problem convergent thinker.3. Goal scene.4. Team builder and incentive5. Communication accomplishments.6. Good Human relation.Categorization OF ENTREPRENEUR.a. The Innovation Entrepreneur.B. The Inaugural Entrepreneur.c. The Fabian Entrepreneur.d. The Drone Entrepreneur. DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN ENTREPRENEUR AND MANAGERIt is a common fact that people errors Entrepreneur for professional director. who is appointed by the organisation and paid while an Entrepreneur is non a paid director. How be it. an enterpriser is greatly motivated to get down his new concern and besides pull off it successfully. he is the investor and takes hazards in the endeavor. He is an pioneer and a director and works for his satisfaction and he is happy to acquire positive consequences. an enterpriser appoints a director to transport out some of his maps. whereas the contrary is non true. an enterpriser may besides execute responsibilities of director in acquiring done his originative activities and fulfilling demand of accomplishment. CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION The United States Colorado pedagogues. cited in Osuala ( 2004 ) defined Entrepreneurship Education as a programme or portion of the instruction programme that prepares single to set about the information and operation of a little concern endeavor. Entrepreneurship instruction involves a specialised preparation given to pupils of vocational concern instruction to enable them get the accomplishments. thoughts and managerial abilities and capablenesss for self employment instead than being employed. the purpose of entrepreneurship instruction is to promote and develop the receivers to make self employment chances for themselves through developing new concerns. In this way. Entrepreneurship Education is the cardinal agent in the development of human originative and advanced endowments in concern. OBJECTIVE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATIONHere under are the aims for entrepreneurship instruction ; 1. Supply alumnus with adequate preparation that will do them to be originative. 2. Supply little and average size companies with the chance to enroll alumnuss who will have preparation in accomplishments relevant to the direction of little concern. 3. Supply the alumnuss with adequate preparation in accomplishments that will do them run into the manpower demands of the society. 4. Supply the alumnuss with adequate preparation in hazard direction to do unsure by bearing possible and easy. 5. Stimulate industrial and economic growing of rural and less developed countries. Unemployment AMONG GRADUATES* Unemployment is a province of joblessness or idling of one with labor demands. potencies. accomplishments. attitudes and competences ( Bosah 1987 ) . * It is a common phenomenon among graduate hence the demand for entrepreneurship instruction. so as to cut down if non eradicated. This is because ; unemployment has caused much mayhem in our society today runing from mental wellness. wellness disease. offense and force. suicide instance and even poorness. * The word â€Å"Poverty† has been diversely perceived by many bookmans. It could be expressed as the inability to procure for oneself the basic necessities of life. Poverty is one of the most common features of bulk of Nigeria today. * Poverty can be reduced through the undermentioned schemes: a. Promoting chance. B. Facilitating Empowerment.c. Enhancing security.* CONCEPT OF APPRENTICESHIP* Apprenticeship system can be handily defined as the acquisition of an art. trade or other careers by practical experience under the counsel of a maestro trade adult male. It involves scheme for geting occupational accomplishments necessary for entrepreneurial development in our society. In Nigeria.Apprenticeship system is responsible for the production of most self employed craftsmans who have been playing important function in maintaining the country’s wheel of advancement and economic activities on the move. It has for a long clip constituted the chief beginning of skill acquisition and development in really many trades including vesture and fabrics. Till day of the month. this system remains one of the gateways to get awaying the flagellum of poorness and the defeat of unemployment among young persons in our society. * Problems Associated With Apprenticement A. The system is extremely restricted to a peculiar trade. B. Lack of Admission Regulation.C. Vagueness of aims.D. Lack of uniformity.E. Lack of statutory supervisory organic structure.* NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT ( NDE )* The National Directorate of Employment is an entrepreneurial preparation programme was established in 1986 and statutorily mandated by decree No 24 of 1989 to among others. ; design and implement programmes to battle mass unemployment and articulate policies aimed at developing poverty work programmes with labour intensive potencies. The board of directors is meant to undertake employment and poorness jobs in both the short and the long term position by explicating and administrating occupation creative activity every bit good as self employment related preparation programmess NDE ( 2000 ) . * To execute these statutory maps. the board of directors launched four good articulated preparation and employment coevals programmes in 1987. these include ; a. Vocat ional preparation. B. Business preparation.c. Training for rural employment.d. Training for labor based work programme.* CONCEPT OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION* Vocational Technical Education is a comprehensive term mentioning to the educational procedure where it involves. in add-on to general instruction. the survey of engineerings and related scientific disciplines and the acquisition of practical accomplishments and cognition relating to businesss in assorted sectors of economic and societal life. * The major business countries of vocational proficient instruction are as follows: a. Vocational agribusiness B. Vocational concern and office business.c. Distributive instruction.d. Vocational place economic sciences instruction.e. Technical instruction.* OBJECTIVES OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATIONa. To fix the scholar for entry in employment and promotion in his chosen calling. B. To run into the Manpower demands of the society.c. To increase the options available to each pupil.d. To function as a actuating force to heighten all types of acquisition. e. To enable the receivers to sagely choose a calling.* CHALLENGES OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA * Vocational Technical Education in Nigeria today is challenged by legion jobs. they are: a. Reasonable figure of private sector endeavors is non technically or skilfully driven. B. There is low low degree of attractive force to proficient and vocational instruction. c. Poor pay in vocational countries discourages persons. d. Parents largely encourage or have penchant for classs that would enable their wards gain white neckband occu pations or graduation. e. Equipment and Infrastructure are unequal proficient and vocational establishments and preparation centres. * REMEDIES TO THE CHALLENGES a. Better the profile of instruction and vocational instruction in peculiar. B. Increase investing in proficient and vocational instruction bringing system whether at the school. the specialised colleges and within the house. c. Encourage private sector investing in in-service proficient and vocational instruction. d. Governments. peculiarly at the latter phases of their battle with the proficient and vocational instruction focused on turning the economic system. * CONCEPT OF DISTRIBUTION IN ENTRPRENEURSHIP * Entrepreneurs play a critical function in the channel of distribution both by action and by the virtuousness of their concern activities. * Distributionmaps provide feasible entrepreneurial chances. The jobbers. the retail merchants and concern agents are wholly enterprisers by their several concern activities and operation. Distribution is an indispensable facet of selling and as such signifiers portion of the inevitable activities in selling. hence holding an effectual channel of distribution is one of the surest schemes that could assist entrepreneurs win or last in their concern. * CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION * Channel of distribution defines the assorted gaps and mercantile establishments through which entrepreneur’s merchandises get into the custodies of the concluding consumers that is without the channel of distribution. the merchandise can non make the concluding consumer and this will impact the criterion of life. * CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION * Producer – jobber – retail merchant – consumer.* Functions of each of them in the concatenation of distribution ; * The Manufacturer: the manufacturer is besides known as the maker. He manufactures the goods or merchandise which is distributed to the consumer. * The Jobber: He is a majority buyer that bargain of the green goods in big measure and sell in to the retail merchant in little measure or unit. His maps include: 1. Financing of production or Distribution. 2. Repositing of Goods.3. Channeling of Information.4. Preparation of Goods for Sale.* The Retailer: He buys from the jobber in little unit and sell to the consumer in smaller unit ; His maps include: 1. Stocking of a great assortment of goods.2. Provision of goods at accessible musca volitanss.3. Information and counsel to the consumer.4. Sharing of hazards.5. Financing of ingestion.* TYPES OF AGENTS* Agents is a in-between adult male between the channel of distribution for a firm’s merchandises. Included among the types are: 1. Cosmopolitan Agent.2. General Agent.3. Particular Agent.4. Delcredere Agent.5. Factors Agent.6. Agents.7. Forwarding and uncluttering Agents.8. The Auctioneer. * TERMINATION OF AGENCY CONTRACT* An bureau contract can be terminated if the undermentioned happen: 1. Bankruptcy of either party.2. Death of either party.3. Insanity of the principal or the agent.4. The Inception of war between the states of the two parties. * THE SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS* These are concern venture and organisations set up. owned and perchance managed by their proprietors. their start-up is as a consequence of the originative and Advanced thoughts of the enterpriser. which has been transformed or translated into an endeavor for the intents of doing net income. In most instances. this concern is normally financed. managed. controlled and directed by one individual normally the proprietor ( enterpriser ) . * FEATURES OF A SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS a. Net income maximization aim.B. Ownership is normally personal.c. Start-up capital is normally raised by the enterpriser. d. The exclusive enterpriser bears all the hazards of his concern. e. The life span of the concern depends on the pick of the enterpriser as the endeavor can turn up up at any clip. f. Meager capital. * ADVANTAGES OF SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESSa. It requires little capital for start-up.B. Quick determination devising.c. It is easy to pull off.d. There is high degree of secretiveness in running the concern. e. The exclusive enterpriser maintains close links with his clients. helpers oremployees and therefore can easy place their demands. * DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS a. The exclusive enterpriser bears all the hazards of his concern. B. The concern suffers the jobs of enlargement due to limited fund or finance. c. The decease of the proprietor may take to the terminal of the concern. * PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS * It is a type of concern organisation in which two or 20 spouses agree lawfully to put up and pull off a concern ventures with the exclusive motivation of doing net incomes and losingss together. * FEATURES OF PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS a. It is ain jointly by spousesB. Its chief aim is for net income devising.c. The start-up capital is normally raised by spouses.d. The life span of the partnership agreement depends on the understanding of the involved spouses. * ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS1. It have more fiscal standing as members pool together to raise fund for the concern. 2. The hazard of concern is jointly shared.3. It has better chance for direction as members pool their managerial accomplishments and abilities to run the concern. 4. It besides have better chance for continuity and enlargement. 5. High degree of committedness and engagement by all spouses. * DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS 1. There is the possibility that dissension among spouses can set the concern to an terminal. 2. Laxness in the operation of one spouse can impact the full operation therefore taking to inefficiency. 3. Conflict of sentiment or involvement among spouses can every bit thwart or sabotage the direction of the concern. 4. The action of one foolhardy spouse can present much danger to the single spouses and the concern itself. * PARTNERSHIP DEED * It is the regulations and ordinance regulating the spouses ; who are in partnership. normally giving the inside informations of agreement on investing form. net income sharing ratio. function and duties of each spouse. DUTIES OF PARTNERS The rights and responsibilities of spouses are as follows:a. All spouses must work hard with earnestness and honestness for common aims of the company. B. One spouse should non get down the same concern in the some other concern name to avoid unhealthy competition. c. All payment receivable and collectible should be done in the company name merely and non in any persons name. d. There should be truth and lucidity of cash-flow on histories. e. Both working and non-working class of spouses should interchange information refering the concern. DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP Since partnership is formed with an understanding. it can be besides be dissolved with another understanding. the disintegration can be due to one or more of the undermentioned grounds. 1. At the termination of the period of partnership. 2. Death or withdrawal one of the spouses.3. When there is a tribunal or authorities order for disintegration. 4. Due to one or more spouse misusing fund5. In instance of lasting incapacity. madness or grass misconduct of one or more spouses. JOINT STOCKA Joint stock company is associations of persons called stockholders. who join together for net income and portions that are movable for transporting any concern activity. FEATURES OF JOINT STOCK 1. Distinct legal entity.2. Liability of members.3. Ageless sequence.4. Separation of ownership.5. Authority.Private LIMITED COMPANYThese are company formed by the group of individual who pool the fund with the purpose of doing net income. It is registered with registrar of joint stock companies. It is formed by lower limit of 2 and upper limit of 50 individuals. There is no public allocation of portions and unsecured bonds. PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY In this company. the minimal stockholders are 7 and no maximal bound of portion holders. portions can be transferred to anybody. A public limited company has to publish a prospectus to the populace and allot portions within 180 yearss of the issue of prospectus. and one-year general meeting has to be arranged to inform the public presentation facets and fiscal inside informations to be posted in progress to all the stockholders. CO-OPERATIVE Enterprise Co-operative societies are started fundamentally to avoid developments by in-between work forces. it possess the undermentioned features: 1. It has combined characteristics of partnership. companies and Joint stock companies. 2. Cooperate members are stockholder and portion the net income. 3. All stockholders are equal and there is no concentration of wealth and power in few custodies. 4. It is managed on lower limit or no net incomes to assist members acquire trade goods at lesser than market rates. Examples of co0operative are: 1. Consumer co-operative society.2. Farmer’s co-operative society.3. Co-operative lodging society.4. Co-operative journal.5. Co-operative Bankss.ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVESA. Common adult male is benefited by manner of acquiring indispensable trade goods at sensible monetary values. B. Hoarding. black selling is avoided.C. The cost advantages are shared by members.DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVESA. Though office carriers are elected. there could be possibility of non-involvement and hence inefficiency. B. Some members in high place may order the office carriers. C. Routine cheque and confirmation on quality is hard due to some other business of office carriers. CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Womans have been identified as cardinal agents sustainable development and the comprise half of human resources. Women Entrepreneurship is farther defined as an endeavor owned and controlled by adult females holding a minimal fiscal involvement of 51 % of the capital and giving at least 51 % of employment generated in the endeavor of adult females. Womans entrepreneurship option includes:1. Particular bedcovers doing.2. Embellishment and dress designs.3. Catering services.4. Hair dressing.5. Photographic studio.CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF WOMEN ENTRPRENEURSA. Affluent Women Entrepreneur.B. Pull Factors Women Entrepreneurs.C. Rural Women Entrepreneurs.D. Self Employed Women Entrepreneurs.PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS1. In a male dominant society. adult females are sometimes discouraged because some work forces believe that it is large hazard financing the ventures run by adult females. 2. Fiscal Institution are disbelieving about the entrepreneurial abilities of adult females. 3. Women’s household duty besides bar them going and developing states. 4. Womans give more accent to household ties and relationship. 5. Low degree hazard taking attitude. HOW TO DEVELOP WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS1. Encouraging women’s engagement in decision-making. 2. Better educational installations.3. Reding through the assistance of committed NGO’s. Psychologist. managerial experts and proficient personal. 4. Activities in which adult females are trained should concentrate on their marketability and profitableness. 5. Financial and expertness aid should be given to adult females enterprisers. Youth Entrepreneurship Development Aims of Youth Entrepreneurship Development1. To develop entrepreneurship spirit among young persons in the state. 2. To bring forth employment chances for young persons.3. To help Nigerian alumnuss to procure agencies of lively goon in the absence of paid employment. 4. To airt the cachexia of energies of our young persons to more productive venture. 5. To help to cut down the offense rate and incidence of societal vises like armed robbery. snatch. thuggery etc. among our young persons. Entrepreneurship Reding Entrepreneurial guidance is rather a new country in the field of counsel and guidance ; the young persons in our society must be decently channeled. guided and assisted so as to absorb a good life/ good behavior. a productive and honoring economic life through micro-business start-up attempts. Entrepreneurial guidance services ( a ) . Academic guidance services( B ) . vocational guidance services.( degree Celsius ) . Occupational guidance.( vitamin D ) . Skill acquisition guidance.( vitamin E ) . Self employment guidance.Entrepreneurship and little graduated table concern endeavorsSometimes. entrepreneurship development is perceived as synonymous with little graduated table concern. conceptually. they are non the same. Entrepreneurship is related to little graduated table concern merely by construction relevancy. For a alumnus to go an enterpriser. he or she must ; 1 ) . Develop a specific entrepreneurial accomplishment. 2 ) . Develop motive accomplishments.3 ) . Develop concern accomplishments.4 ) . Develop fiscal literacy accomplishment.5 ) Acquire computing machine and information engineering accomplishments.Lesson from GhanaIn Ghana. the most entrepreneurs cease operation at chiefly the micro degree and less than 5 % of big concerns are Ghanese owed. Another feature of Ghana enterpriser state of affairs is the dismaying section of enterprisers in the informal sector. The informal sector of Ghana is made up of about 90 % of the working population ( Baah and Achakoma. 2007 ) . In Ghana about 48 % represent the young person population which is from age 15-35 old ages of age. Like many African states. Ghana’s population is reasonably vernal ( Baah. 2007 ) . * Entrepreneurship in China used to be an oxymoron. but after the Communist rose to power in 1949. China’s bing market economic system was bit by bit transformed into a socialist economic system. *

Weber, Durkheim, Marx and how they account for religion Essay Example For Students

Weber, Durkheim, Marx and how they account for religion Essay How do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in society. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. We will write a custom essay on Weber, Durkheim, Marx and how they account for religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions. (p. 35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are not motivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. Marx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of working to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. Max Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .postImageUrl , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:hover , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:visited , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:active { border:0!important; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:active , .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738 .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42ef4fe84dab335c6393dd8f42e62738:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men EssayRejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens and could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P. 133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of worldly success and failure. (P. 134) In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal. (P. 134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were either among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of Society How do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in society. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions. (p. 35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are not motivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .postImageUrl , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:hover , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:visited , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:active { border:0!important; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:active , .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9 .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaec7fe42cd0bba60b6ac9d8658eb7cb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adolescent Peer Pressure EssayThis is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. Marx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of working to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. Max Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. Rejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens and could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P. 133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of worldly success and failure. (P. 134) In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal. P. 134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were either among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of Society How do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.

Why you need to stop researching and start writing - Emphasis

Why you need to stop researching and start writing Why you need to stop researching and start writing Theres no getting away from it: research is addictive. And theres a good reason for that – were all hard-wired to search. Its a survival mechanism, programmed into us by evolution. As hunter-gatherers on the savannah, we needed something that would shake us from our slumber; that would make us get off our fur-clad backsides and look for food or shelter. As you need both to live, this was undeniably a positive trait. And so those ancestors who happened to get a kick out of finding things survived, while those who could take or leave the wildebeest-tracking or shelter-finding starved or risked attack at dawn. As a result, we all became programmed to look. That kick you get when you find something new is actually a surge in the production of the feel-good hormone dopamine. And where once it was useful, these days it can actually be a real handicap. Thats because we get a dopamine rush not just from finding food or shelter, but from finding information. And information is everywhere. We dont even need to find it: it finds us. In todays always-on, smartphone-dominated world, it can sometimes feel like information hunts or even haunts us. But we still have our original programming in place. We still want information. And our tech-connected world provides it in spades. We look, we find, we feel good (for a moment, at least), and we look for more. This positive feedback loop is a recipe for addiction. And addicts are what millions of us are. Dopamine compresses time. It makes an hour seem like a few minutes. (Time really does fly when youre having fun.) As Clay Johnson says in his book, The Information Diet, A quick check of email when we get home can often end up in evenings entirely lost to LCD screens. It actually takes energy to avoid information, because resisting the urge to search means overcoming millions of years of evolution. And when information is all around us, avoiding it can be exhausting. And so we come to writing – or, more specifically, not writing, because were still researching. When youve been given free licence to go hunting for facts, its going to be hard to stop – especially if youre an information junkie already. If youre researching a report, every new little nugget of data, every intriguing fact, gives you a (perhaps subconscious) frisson of pleasure and spurs you on to look for more. Research is also a safe place. As long as youre looking, your report is still perfect. As long as youre still searching, you dont have to face the terrifying prospect of being crippled by writers block. In the end, research itself can become another displacement activity. At some point, there will come a time when you have to stop researching and start writing. What you need to do to overcome this is start to stack the odds in your favour again. So here are five ways to do exactly that: 1. Set a time limit on your research A project without a deadline is a hobby. If it is a hobby, then great. But if youre being paid to find information, then at some point youre going to have to report back. Staying in research mode forever is pointless, so set a time limit. Put a date in your calendar or – for more regular, smaller projects – give yourself just a day or two, or even just a few hours. Then start writing. 2. Use placeholders in what you write It can actually be profitable to write with small gaps in your knowledge. I wrote this piece in 45 minutes, but I was only able to do that because I didnt allow myself time to look up the name of the author of the book I mentioned above. Instead, I just wrote [insert name of author] and carried on writing. You can come back and fill in the gaps later. 3. Read offline The internet is one giant warren of research rabbit holes that lead you to distracting websites (and usually, I find, to social media or endless news sites). Its all too easy to disappear down one while fact-finding, and to be gone for hours. Apps like Pocket  and Evernote overcome this. Pocket, for example, lets you send information (articles, videos and images) to an app that you read offline (on any platform), in a layout that looks more like a book and without distracting menus. It also lets you tag the items you add to it, as does Evernote. Its a real boon to effective research. 4. Get some sleep Burning the midnight oil could actually be working against you. It takes immense willpower to stay super-focused and – ultimately – to stop researching. And your brain needs to be on top form in order to connect ideas and get writing. No amount of coffee will push ideas quickly enough around a brain fogged by tiredness. 5. Practise information hygiene Wean yourself off your information addiction by limiting how much information can chase you. Every smartphone or computer notification is a distraction that you need energy to ignore. (The author Kathy Sierra calls them cognitive leaks.) If you give in to them, youll reinforce your addiction to research. If you dont, youll leach away energy – energy that would be much better spent writing. Ive got a confession: Im an information addict too. I love that dopamine rush. In fact, one of lifes more old-school pleasures for me is to visit a university library. I love the heady aroma of centuries of accumulated knowledge. But thats generally not why you research. You do it not just to discover, but to share. And if you dont share it, no one will ever know that you discovered it in the first place. So, stop researching, and start writing. Image credit: Pet Greens Live Catnip

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis - Essay Example Unlike the other phases, which focus more on short term action, the Migation Phase is all about long term planning and future foresight, which is important if you want any Emergency Management Plan to succeed. That the front end of the Migation Phase, and it what its main purpose is as the first step of the Emergency management cycle. However, the Migation Phase can also be used at the end of the cycle as a part of the Recovery Phase. But you have passed down instructions that our work is not to overlap any of the other phases, and that will put huge cracks in the cycle and utterly doom it to even working as we all hope it shall. If we are not able to work hand in hand with the Recovery Phase in helping at the tale end of problems, how are we supposed to know how to better prepare for them next time In order for a successful Migation Phase, we need it to work on both ends of the cycle, at the start and the end, and for it to work hand in hand with the Recovery phase to help better prepare ourselves for an emergency next time it may occur. Working with the other parts of the cycle are just as important if we want to be successful.

Puerto Rican Americian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Puerto Rican Americian - Essay Example In 1508 Juan Ponce De Leon took over the island in the search of gold and killed many natives in this quest. Many of the Tainos were killed in this quest and the remaining Tainos fleed away to the mountains to save themselves. It was then that human trade began on this island and half the population of the island consisted of these slaves of African origin. In 1898 the Spanish American war decided the fate of the island in the hands of the United States. The island has ever since been in the control of United States and the people have accepted the fact by cutting down on their movement launched against the US. It has its own government but the presence of the American military is disturbing for some of the Puerto Ricans. The culture of the country is a blend between the natives and the African culture. People there can have the darkest of skin or they can even have a freckled white skin. The diverse culture of the country is the most interesting point along with the occasions that t he people of Puerto Rico celebrate. Traditions and culture would be the most important part of this essay and is discussed in the following paragraphs (Morris 1995; Galvan 2009). Importance of Puerto Rico to the United States Puerto Rico has proved to be an important territory for the United States as it can access different states through this region. It has also proved to be a region in which they can train and test their weapons. The bases of United States in Panama were closed in 1999 and Puerto Rico has ever since served the purpose (Giger & Davidhizar 2008). Economy of Puerto Rico The economics of the country depend upon different sources mainly tourism and different crops. The climate of the region ranges from 75 degree Farenheit to 85 degrees Farenheit. It has one of the most beautiful cruise ship ports known as San Juan. The tourism of the territory depends upon different resources and beaches and ports are one of these resources. Resorts and attractive destinations have pr oved to be a tourist attraction. The economy also depends upon different crops which include coffee, pineapples, mangos and plants. Although its economy is not suffering from any blow the per capita income of the state is still low in comparison to the United States of America (Giger & Davidhizar 2008). Culture of Puerto Rico The culture of Puerto Rico is diverse and people from different backgrounds reside in the region. The language spoken in the region is English and Spanish. The people of Puerto Rico are known for their hospitality and love. People in Puerto Rico express their love through gifts and homemade food. If a guest rejects a gift it might be considered as an insult by the individual who gifts. The celebrations in the region are respected by many people. The people of Puerto Rico also celebrate the holidays of the United States along with their own designated holidays. Puerto Rico Day, Three Kings Day and Constitution Day are all celebrated as the holidays of Puerto Ric o. Most of the people living in Puerto Rico are Catholics and they celebrate their holidays accordingly (Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 1997; Morris & Bonilla 1997). Family values are respected a lot in the region and people have to live according to the old traditions. Marriage is a respected institution in the culture as they believe that having a kin is very important to expand their family. Although

REDEFINING HAPPINESS THROUGH THE PRISM OF LIFE Essay

REDEFINING HAPPINESS THROUGH THE PRISM OF LIFE - Essay Example Does only living on and on means happiness untouched by what goes around us or even a brief stint of life, if its filled with satisfaction can be termed as a good life. Similarly, humans must also act in someway to fulfill their desires or needs as long as he or she may be alive. For years psychologists have tried to decipher the most generic code of conduct to guide humans through good and torrid times which means studying data on scale that even the most super of computer cannot negotiate with. Humans vary in nature and therefore there cannot exist a generic code of conduct however, if every one makes an effort to work out a way for himself and understand what s the best option while making any decision life could make some sense. When we know that this journey of life has to end someday then why almost all humans live life entirely differently from one another .The fact that ever since the evolution of man and despite its conquest of knowledge and power and freedom on his will, he has not been able to understand what really makes him happy after all this conquest has been made in search of satisfaction and happiness. Therefore if ever we wonder why in most humans life religion means a great deal lot. Religion although has no physical reality as such but for so long been able to provide answer to evading questions pertaining to our happiness. Thats why even after achieving so much materialistically humans turn to religion for soul searching to achieve satisfaction. Death: Unwanted Necessity We in our search for satisfaction since the beginning of time been able to change the world to our liking when those of who did that eventually had to leave this world one day. Still we are unable to comprehend that there are certain rules of thumb in place ever since man learned to sense things around him regarding what to prefer and what not to prefer in good and bad times. For instance we are likely to prefer pains that are short term rather than pains that are relatively long term. Fear and the Hope Factor: The truth of fact is that we are not sometimes intelligent enough for our own sake. We can be very chameleon like in different states of mind. At a given point in time we might commit our self to act differently where as we might do something different in reality. 1Psychologists call it the 'Hot' and 'Cold' states of mind and the difference in thinking and doing the 'empathy gap'. We treat life through the prism of happiness and satisfaction living always with a fear of death. This makes us sometimes to lean towards decision which could be far from making us happy and contented. A person due to lack of money might not be able to afford 500,000 $ sedan which would leave him feeling worthless for some time but after sometime he will be able to get back to his routine and live life normally. What we do not realize that we have defined happiness in our own way. Now, this short sightedness of scope lead the people to belief that inability to achieve something in the short run will make the discomfort to persist for longer period of time then would really happen. In between all this decision making the death factor holds an important place in peoples

Linebacker I and Linebacker II on the Outcome of the War

Linebacker I and Linebacker II on the Outcome of the War A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Strategy and Policy based on the following assigned topic: Question #7: In light of how the Paris Peace Accords were reached in 1972-1973, what effect did Linebacker I and Linebacker II have on the outcome of the war? The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Signature: _____________________ December 15, 2016 Seminar 20 Moderators: CDR John Sheehan Professor Michelle Getchell To quickly end the Vietnam War and withdraw American troops in an honorable fashion, the Nixon Administration engaged in a strategy of diplomacy and cocurrent military pressure. The focus of the diplomatic track was to negotiate a formal agreement between belligerents. This diplomatic track ultimately resulted in the accord known as the Paris Peace Accords. The military track endeavored to persuade the North to come to the negotiating table in by destroying its will to resist and war-making capabilities through a demonstration of Americas superior air power and unwavering commitment to a free and independent South Vietnam. The series of air raids conducted in support of this goal are known as LINEBACKER I and LINEBACKER II. Both LINEBACKER I and LINEBACKER II had an effect on the war, but both had different results. LINEBACKER I disproved the theory of victory for the North due to their misinterpretation of timing in switching from Phase II to Phase III of Maos strategy, and understa nding of the level of support President Nixon would have from key North Vietnam allies. LINEBACKER II was ultimately successful in bringing all belligerents to the negotiating table, the North by deteriorating the will to fight and further degrading North Vietnamese Warfighting capabilities, and the South due to the waning support of the new U.S. Congress for the war. In early 1972, the North began to shift military tactics from Phase II guerrilla warfare to a much more conventional Phase III form of according to Maos three phase strategy.1 This change is seen in the Easter Offensive that launched on March 30 which was brought about by the success the North enjoyed in Lam Son 719. Because of the Souths need for security and poor military execution, and communication, Operation Lam Son 719 collapsed when faced with resistance from the Northern commanders. The campaign was a disasterous for the South, demostrating their deficiencies and proving that the best units of the South could be defeated by the North.2 North Vietnam conducted the Easter Offensive to take the initiative and weaken Americas commitment to South Vietnam with a significant impact on negotiations producing more favorable terms for them at negotiations. The general feeling was that once troop reduction had reached a certain level the U.S. would have insignificant influence to affect the strategic situation.3 Prior to this the North Vietnamese were on Stage II of Maos three-stage plan for war. The decision to initiate the strategic counter-offensive in the Easter Offensive was premature. The South Vietnamese and U.S. still held a position of greater military power and changing phases at that point was counter to the Maos theories.4 In this second stage, enemy troop morale should continue to deteriorate, which it was in the case of the U.S. Due to American support. The position of North Vietnam in contrast to South Vietnam had not progressed far enough to give an advantage that would support Phase III, and international support should also have grown for the North Vietnamese. Due to the Easter Offensive and lack of willingness to negotiate on the part of the North Vietnamese the International support was not there. Having fulfilled only two of the three requirements to change phase, it was not the proper time, and the North Vietnamese hurt their war efforts. As a result of early North Vietnamese action, President Nixon announced the negotiations between North Vietnam and the United States taking place in Paris as well as the concessions the South Vietnamese and United States were willing to conceed to. Failure of these negotiations allowed the President to put the blame on North Vietnam for refusing to negotiate a peaceful end to the war. This address would do several things, first put diplomatic pressure on North Vietnam by announcing the negotiations in progress and placing North Vietnam in the position of the faithless party. Second, the speech demonstrated that America had exhausted all diplomatic options, which had already been initiated, and set the stage for military action if North Vietnam continued to insist on continuing inflexibility. Hanoi rejected the peace terms offered which gave Nixon the legitimacy he needed to turn to military pressure, the very thing that the North had discounted in their calculations.4 Another problem facing the North at this time is the increasing warmth of relations between the U.S. and the Norths patrons Russia and China. While China was using the U.S. to balance against Russia they were forced to realign forces and took support from North Vietnam. Concurrnetly, Russia was stepping up dà ©tente and viewed China as an enemy.5 This increasing cooperation with Northern allies isolated the North and presented an opportunity for a series of painful military strikes against the North Vietnamese that would decimate entire infantry units and nearly all of the Norths armored vehicles.5 With waning support from their key allies aquiring replacement equipment was difficult and outright victory in a conventional campaign was al but imposssible. President Nixon stated that the U.S. was going to continue fighting until the Communists agreed to negotiate a fair and honorable peace or until the South Vietnamese were able to defend themselves on their own whichever came first. 5 Immediately prior to the 1972 elections, peace talks between Hanoi, Saigon, and Washington began to deteriorate. As a result, President Nixon authorized a follow on air campaign against North Vietnam that would be called LINEBACKER II. The objective of LINEBACKER II differed from LINEBACKER I in that it was intended to destroy Hanois will to fight, and demonstrate Americas commitment to South Vietnams independence after the withdrawal of American troops. Many of the LINEBACKER I targets were attacked again during LINEBACKER II. However; LINEBACKER II had a purpose other than interdicting Northern forces. Military commanders wanted the bombers to cause distress to the civilian population in an effort to disuade them from committing to the fighting on the side of the North while avoinding civilian casualties. To degrade North Vietnamese will to fight, U.S. leadership wanted the people of Hanoi to hear the bombs.6 The ability of a nation to fight is military force and the will of the pe ople. In the case of North Vietnam the millitary force had been signifigantly reduced and that left the will of the people to force settlement. With congressional support waning, North Vietnam adjusted its actions to delay negotiations until after the newly elected Congress was sworn in, believing that support to continue the war in Vietnam would wane. Nixon thought the only way to break the Norths inflexibility and bring them back to the negotiating table was to raise the cost of their reluctance in negotiation. The President commented, We have now reached the point where only the strongest action would have any effect in convincing Hanoi that negotiating a fair settlement with us was a better option for them than continuing the war.7 The strongest show of force in this case was the use of the B-52 Stratofortress. This decision was the optimal choice for attacking the will of the populace. President Ninxon and his advisers desired to inflict maximum psychological impact on the North Vietnamese, supporting the South and reducing the cost to the U.S. in american lives.8 The B-52 could carry a massive conventional payload, was capable of carrying nuclear weapons which sent a message in itself, and had all-weather capabilities making it a perfect tool to deliver a psychological blow to the enemy. The B-52 could attack at altitudes of over 30,000 feet, rendering it impossible to be seen or heard by North Vietnamese troops on the ground allowing for attacks that happened without warning. The suddenness of the attacks along with their intensity had a telling effect. Recalling personal experience with LINEBACKER IIs bombing campaign one Viet Cong member said, The first four times I experienced a B-52 attack it seemed, as I strained to press myself into the bunker floor, that I had been caught in the Apocalypse. The terror was complete. One lost control of bodily functions as the mind screams incomprehensible orders to get out.9 During the LINEBACKER II operation, military leaders had authority to use air power to end the war effectively and the results were apparent. The Norths transportation network was decimated. Aircraft attacked and destroyed storage warehouses, electric power generating facilities cutting their capacity by three-quarters, and petroleum facilities reducing that capability by one-fourth.10 LINEBACKER II inflicted significant damage to North Vietnams war-making capability, but more importantly accomplished its primary purpose of unsettling the civilian population. As a result of LINEBACKER II, the belligerents came back to the bargaining table after eleven days of intensive bombing. The scale and success of the operation persuaded the North to accept terms that included some of Thieus newly added provisions. Congressional outcry over the scale of LINEBACKER II caused the South to realize that support for the war might be running out, making this an opportune time to accept peace and retai n as much as possible ensuring survival.11 Linebacker I was politically and practically a remarkable success. Asa result of the bombs dropped during the campaign, the Northhad a shift in thought. For the first time in the war the U.S. had used air power in a way that influenced the will of the North to continue the fight. The North had been convinced that the warwas becoming too costly for them. Some would argue that the North Vietnamese theory of victory was not disproven and they were not forced to go to the negotiating table. Their theory of victory was only put on hold by the actions of LINEBACKER and the U.S. was never in a position to win. The results LINEBACKER II did not force the North to the negotiating table but enabled them to transition back to Phase II, along with the withdrawl of U.S. forces and lack of support to the South ultimately enabled them to succeed in their bid to unite the Vietnamese people. The LINEBACKER I operation had left the Norths conventional forces decimated.10 The North had unsuccessfully tried persecuting the war by conventional means but U.S. air power had proven its worth and destroyed the majority of Northern troops and armored vehicles.11 Though costly to the North, the theory of victory through conventional means was not disproven, only delayed. To the conventional adversary this would have led to a cessation of hostilities due to lack of ability to continue the fight, but one of the strengths of the North was was in followingd the theories of Mao. These theories garnered the support from the local populace. The North Vietnamese forces understood that Vietnamese pesants had endured hundreds of years of oppression and rule.12 The Souths treatment of the pesants was similar to outside forces which had oppressed them with little attempt to understand them. In contrast the North Vietnamese forces dutifully followed Maos teachings, politely asking for supply a nd helping work for their repayment as well as proclaiming their belief in land reform, equality and governmental reform.13 The South by contrast was rife with corruption, inefficiency, and greed often setting themselves above the peasantry stealing supply and food. In this way the South Vietnamese were their own worst enemy. Their lack of support to the peasants drove them to the side of the North for protection against the unjust rule of the state. This led to not the hills menacing the villages, hills were the villages.13 The Cause of the North had become an ideal that the pesantry had bought in to and they had become the insurgents sho would continue to fight for their cause, overthrow of the local elites, good treatment and increased living standards enjoyed by the pesants through the efforts of the North. This dynamic created a situation in which it was difficult to tell who was the enemy and who was the villager. The U.S. was never in the position to win a lasting peace in this situation for several reasons. We lacked an understanding of the people and what they desired.14 Without the proper understanding of the desires of the people the U.S. could try to secure villages, give out aid and try to reinforce the government, but the government was a primary reason for the insurgency. More importantly, the U.S. was viewed as an unwanted foreign presence. Since the Vietnamese had fought against and suffered foreign opression for so long there was initial distrust and with our self imposed lack of cultur al awareness we would not be able to destroy the idea that was the root cause of the war. LINEBACKER II did not force the belligerents to the nogotiating table, it just provided the North with the opportunity to regroup revert to Phase II and wait for the U.S. to withdraw its forces leaving the North in a more advantageous position from which to rebuild for the next Phase III and the reunification of the Vietnamese people that they desired. The misinterpretation of their success in Lam Son 719 led the north to the Easter Offensive and as a result cost them a good deal of men and equipment. The only thing that they had left was the pesant population which it enjoyed great support from.14 Realizing their tenuous position the North signaled that it wished to resume peace negotiations and as a result the LINEBACKER II raids immediately ceased. In the absence of these continued the attacks the North would secure a political victory at the peace table by keeping Northern forces in the South.15 During this time they would be able to rebuild and strengthen their forces and would, in time, translate this into a full-scale military conquest of South Vietnam upon their transition back to Phase III. Not long after the end of Linebacker II, the U.S. withdrew its forces from the war in Southeast Asia and returned home. Two years later the North, knowing that it no longer faced any realistic threat of another Linebacker II, invaded South Vietnam across a broad front.16 The Communist forces of the North entered Saigon on April 30, 1975, and unified the two Vietnams under one government. A full application of airpower in a Linebacker could have achieved military victory, prevented the long and costly U.S. involvement and saved South Vietnam as a nation. While the North had went to the table to negotiate, it was to buy time and gain an advantageous position, not in good faith. 1 Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, (1980), III 5. 2 Carl von Clausewitz. On War: Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton. Princeton University Press, (1976), 618. 3 Ibid., 186. 4 Kevin McCranie. The War at Sea.(presentation, Strategy and War Course, Naval War College, Newport, RI, 14 December 2016). 5 Paul M Kennedy. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. New York. Humanity Books, (1976), 242. 6 Ibid. 245 7 Kevin McCranie. The War at Sea.(presentation, Strategy and War Course, Naval War College, Newport, RI, 14 December 2016). 8 Paul M Kennedy. The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. New York. Humanity Books, (1976), 245 . 9 Ibid. 248 10 Kevin McCranie. The War at Sea.(presentation, Strategy and War Course, Naval War College, Newport, RI, 14 December 2016).), 147. 1 Elliot A. Cohen and John Gooch. Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War.New York. Free Press, (1990), 134. 12 Ibid. 134. 3 Carl von Clausewitz. On War: Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton. Princeton University Press, (1976), 177. 4 Elliot A. Cohen and John Gooch. Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War.New York. Free Press, (1990), 136. 5 Admiral von Holtzendorf. German History in Documents and Images. Selected Readings. Naval War College, Newport, RI, (2016), 2.       6 Ibid. 3. 7 Ibid. 4.

An Analysis of Baldwins, Sonnys Blues :: Sonnys Blues Essays

An Analysis of Baldwin's, Sonny's Blues Sipiora identifies the critcal issues in Sonny's Blues with the character giving his self-reflections. Sipiora also says that literary characters sometimes perceive or not perceive the relationships or circumstances. We also have to judge characters in how they react to other characters whether they acted in good faith or not in good faith. We have to ask ourselves when we read literature if the character is being objective looking for personal qualities in a character when they come in contact with another character or is the character looking at another character in a judgemental, stereotypical, or preconceived way of thinking. Also is the character allowed the opportunity to share the similar things that are in common with another character or characters in the story. The main thing in reading literature in an Ethical Criticism is to take note on how a character interacts with another character or characters in a story. Also, take note on relationships of one character with anothe r character. In Sonny's Blues, the narrator is self-reflecting his experiences with various family members such as his mother and his younger brother, Sonny. Sonny and the narrator are brothers with a 7 year difference between them. The narrator was disappointed with Sonny at first due to his interest in becoming a musician. He thought it was a phase he was Sonny was going through and maybe it would pass. The older brother patronized Sonny with his insincere interest in music at first until it angered Sonny and he told his brother "don't do me no favors"(82). The narrator had a judgemental, stereotype, predetermined way of thinking when it came to his past. The narrator's thoughts and feelings were cruel and hard for the drug addict childhood friend of Sonny's when he told him he did not want to hear his "sad story"(81). Yet, he realized they both have something in common. The narrator has Sonny's drug addiction and the friend has his own addiction to deal with. The narrator realized that everyone has a sad story. When Sonny was trying to express how he felt on the inside and reveal his drug abuse, the narrator did not want to accept his younger brother's drug abuse and he 'kept putting them away. I told myself that Sonny was wild, but he wasn't crazy"(79). Just as Sonny felt alone and helpless, he could not talk about it to anyone.